“We have a far too narrow view of energy efficiency. Many people think that investments in new energy-efficient equipment are enough. But then you can’t fulfil the full potential of energy efficiency,” says Patrik Thollander, Professor in Energy Systems at Linköping University.
Together with colleagues at the University of Gävle, Stockholm Resilience Centre, Lund University, Uppsala University and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, he has analysed what would be required for industries to be able to minimise their energy use.
The concept of energy efficiency emerged as a necessity in the oil crisis of the early 1970s. Then, energy prices skyrocketed, and energy efficiency measures were taken to reduce the cost to companies. Now, with an accelerating climate crisis, this is necessary to reduce emissions of fossil carbon dioxide. Both the International Energy Agency (IEA) and the European Commission think that energy efficiency is the first measure to take and a cornerstone for achieving climate neutrality. However, according to the researchers, there is considerable potential in energy efficiency that remains untapped.
Social constructions
Energy efficiency has long been associated primarily with technological innovations, but Patrik Thollander and his colleagues think that more than that is required. To substantially reduce carbon dioxide emissions, the way organisations work and think about energy use needs to change.
The researchers highlight the importance of system-wide processes, increased knowledge dissemination and a corporate culture that promotes change. They call these factors social constructions, and they have identified nine that would help companies design their energy efficiency and energy management processes in a better way.
“We estimate that this could lead to a 5% reduction in CO2 emissions from industry globally. And that’s a rather conservative estimate, it could even be more,” says Patrik Thollander.
According to the IEA, in 2022 the world’s industries emitted 9.2 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide. A five per cent reduction corresponds to the carbon dioxide emissions of ten countries the size of Sweden.
Interdisciplinary collaboration key
Patrik Thollander thinks that one of the most important factors for success is collaboration between people with different experiences and backgrounds within companies.
“As an engineer, I think of technology solutions first. But potential can be developed if you have worked with whole systems and in collaboration with other expertise that has a different mindset. We need to work in an interdisciplinary way to succeed,” says Patrik Thollander.
He thinks companies need to work actively to build interdisciplinary collaborations between engineering, social science and behavioural science disciplines. Therefore, the researchers urge industrial companies to create a corporate culture that supports knowledge sharing and continuous learning. The challenge to policymakers is to design different types of programmes that stress the social dimensions of energy efficiency.
Funding comes mainly from the Swedish Energy Agency, the Knowledge Foundation, Mistra and Formas.
Article: , Patrik Thollander, Mariana Andrei, Noor Jalo, Patrik Rohdin, Jenny Palm, Anna Sannö, Johan Colding, Stephan Barthel, Gazi Salah Uddin, Bruna Maria Xavier, Nature Communications 2025, published online 30 April 2025. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-59284-2
